Crowley added some additional invocations previously unrelated to the original work (including some evocations in the Enochian language), as well as essays describing the rituals as psychological exploration instead of demon summoning. This portion of the work was later translated by Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers and published by Aleister Crowley in 1904 under the title The Book of the Goetia of Solomon the King. Rudd may have derived his copy of Liber Malorum Spirituum from a now-lost work by Johannes Trithemius, who taught Agrippa, who in turn taught Weyer. The angelic names and seals derived from a manuscript by Blaise de Vigenère, whose papers were also used by Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers (1854-1918) in his works for the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn (1887–1903). In a slightly later copy made by Thomas Rudd (1583?–1656), this portion was labelled "Liber Malorum Spirituum seu Goetia", and the seals and demons were paired with those of the 72 angels of the Shem HaMephorash which were intended to protect the conjurer and to control the demons he summoned. Weyer's Officium Spirituum, which is likely related to a 1583 manuscript titled The Office of Spirits, appears to have ultimately been an elaboration on a 15th-century manuscript titled Livre des Esperitz (30 of the 47 spirits are nearly identical to spirits in the Ars Goetia). Additionally, some material came from Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa's Three Books of Occult Philosophy, the Heptameron by pseudo-Pietro d'Abano, and the Magical Calendar. Indeed, it appears that the Ars Goetia is more dependent upon Scot's translation of Weyer than on Weyer's work in itself. The omission of Pruflas, a mistake that also occurs in an edition of Pseudomonarchia Daemonum cited in Reginald Scot's The Discoverie of Witchcraft, indicates that the Ars Goetia could not have been compiled before 1570. The order of the spirits changed between the two, four additional spirits were added to the later work, and one spirit ( Pruflas) was omitted. Weyer does not cite, and is unaware of, any other books in the Lemegeton, suggesting that the Lemegeton was derived from his work, not the other way around. The most obvious source for the Ars Goetia is Johann Weyer's Pseudomonarchia Daemonum in his De praestigiis daemonum. Goetia is unfortunate, by the commerces of unclean spirits made up of the rites of wicked curiosities, unlawful charms, and deprecations, and is abandoned and execrated by all laws." Sources Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, in his Three Books of Occult Philosophy, writes "Now the parts of ceremonial magic are goetia and theurgia. In medieval and Renaissance Europe, goetia was generally considered evil and heretical, in contrast to theurgia ( theurgy) and magia naturalis ( natural magic), which were sometimes considered more noble. It is derived from the Ancient Greek word γοητεία ( goēteía) meaning " witchcraft" or "jugglery". The Latin term goetia refers to the evocation of demons or evil spirits. Waite, in his 1898 Book of Black Magic and of Pacts does use the terms "so-called Greater Key" and "Lesser Key" to distinguish between the Clavicula Salomonis and Lemegeton, so he may have been the first one to coin it. The title most commonly used, "The Lesser Key of Solomon," does not in fact occur in the manuscripts. The text is more properly called "Lemegeton Clavicula Salomonis, or, The little Key of Solomon". For the video game, see Goetia (video game). It is the oldest material in this grimoire, and dates back to the 13th century, or possibly earlier ( source).This section is about the evocation of demons. Ars Notoria, or the notary art, describes Solomon's communication with God.Ars Almadel, which describes the construction and use of an alter for summoning angels ( source).This is taken from the second book of Steganographia ( source). Ars Paulina, which describes the magic attributed to the Apostle Paul.It bears notable similarity to Trithemius' Steganographia ( source). Theurgia Goetia, a list of spirits that are "by nature good and evill That is, one part is good, and the other part Evill" ( Robert Turner translation).Goetia, a list of 72 evil spirits, or demons, and instructions for their invocation ( source).The Lesser Key is one of the best-known grimoires, primarily for the first section, the Goetia, which features charming descriptions of the 72 demons conjured by Solomon, along with illustrations of their sigils, and the tools required for summoning.Īlthough the content varies from edition to edition, The lesser Key is generally considered to contain five books:
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